天琴座（Lyra, /laɪrə/;拉丁语为lyre，来自希腊语λύρα）[2] 是一个小星座。它是托勒密（2世纪天文学家）列出的48个星座中的一个，也是国际天文学联会认可的88个星座之一。 天琴座通常在星图上表示为秃鹰或带有竖琴的鹰，因此有时分别被称为Vultur Cadens或Aquila Cadens（“坠落的秃鹰”[3]或“坠落的老鹰”）。从北方开始，天琴座与天龙座（Draco），武仙座（Hercules），狐狸座（Vulpecula）和天鹅座（Cygnus）接壤。从夏季到秋季，从北半球可以看到天琴座，而在夏季，如果你处于温带，天琴座几乎在头顶上方。从南半球看，冬季可在北方的低空看见天琴座。 天琴座最亮的恒星织女星（Vega）是夜空中最亮的恒星之一，也是著名的夏季大三角的一角。 天琴座β（Beta Lyrae）是一类被天琴座β变星（Beta Lyrae variables）的原型。这些双星彼此非常接近，巨大的引力让它们变成了蛋形，并且这两颗恒星中存在物质交换。天琴座还拥有美丽的M57环状星云（也称为NGC6720）。 神话历史 在希腊神话中，天琴是俄耳甫斯的七弦琴。这把琴是爱马仕（Hermes）用乌龟制成的，作为便宜货送给了阿波罗，据说它是有史以来制作的第一把里拉琴。 俄耳甫斯用这把天琴演奏的音乐如此之优美宏大，以至于比如树木，溪流，岩石之类无生命的物体也会被深深迷住。加入伊阿宋（Jason，古希腊神话英雄）和阿尔戈（Argonauts，古希腊神话英雄）的传奇故事后，他的音乐能够平息塞壬（sirens，半鱼半人的海妖）危险的歌曲。[4] 有一次，奥菲斯娶了一个名叫欧里迪斯（ Eurydice）的仙女。在逃离阿里斯泰俄斯（Aristaeus）的袭击时，她不幸踩到一条毒蛇，中毒身亡。为了夺回她，俄耳甫斯进入了地下世界，在那里，他的七弦琴的音乐吸引了哈迪斯。哈迪斯心软了，让俄耳甫斯带回了欧里迪斯，条件是他在走出冥界的时候不能回头。不幸的是，欧里迪斯出于强烈的不安与好奇心回头看了一眼，导致欧里迪斯永远地留在了冥界。奥菲斯在余生中漫无目的地弹奏着他的七弦琴，穿过这片土地，拒绝了所有女性的婚姻请求。[4] 有两个与俄耳甫斯死亡有关的神话。根据埃拉托色尼（Eratosthenes）的说法，俄耳甫斯未能对狄俄尼索斯做出必要的牺牲，因为他认为阿波罗是至高无上的神。狄俄尼索斯随后派他的追随者将俄耳甫斯撕成了两半。奥维德（Ovid）讲述了一个完全不同的故事，称女性为了报复俄耳甫斯拒绝她们结婚的请求，联合起来向他扔石头和长矛。起初，他的音乐也吸引了他们，但最终女人们的人数压制胜过了俄耳甫斯的音乐，他被长矛击中。两个神话然后都说他的七弦琴被宙斯放在了天空中，俄耳甫斯的骨头被缪斯埋葬了。[4] 夜空中的天琴座，来自Twitter 主要恒星 星座中最亮也是最著名的恒星是织女星（Vega），它是一颗光谱型为 A0Va 的主序星。[12]它距我们只有7.7秒差距，[13]是一个矮造父变星，光度在-0.02等和0.07等之间变化，光度变化周期超过0.2天。[14]总的来说，它是北半球第二亮的恒星（在大角星Arcturus之后）和全天恒星中第五亮的恒星，仅次于大角星（Arcturus），半人马座α（Alpha Centauri），老人星（Canopus）和天狼星（Sirius）。织女星在公元前12000年是极星，并将在公元 14,000年再次成为极星。 织女星被称为“太阳之后天空中第二重要的恒星”。[15]织女星是除太阳之外第一颗被拍摄的恒星，[16]以及第一个有清晰的光谱记录的恒星 。[17]这颗恒星是一颗单独的主序星，它可以发射X射线，[18]并被一个类似于柯伊伯带的星际碎片盘包围。[19]织女星与牛郎星（Altair）和天津四（Deneb）一起，构成了著名的夏季大三角。 织女星还与危宿三（Epsilon）和织女三（Zeta Lyrae）形成一个小得多的三角形的顶点。人们能用双筒望远镜分辨出织女三组成的双星系统，包括一个金属线星（metallic-line star）和F型亚巨星。危宿三是一个更著名的且更易分辨的双星系统，甚至可以在良好的条件下用肉眼分开。 天琴座δ（ Delta Lyrae）是一个光学双星，这两颗恒星几乎位于织女三以东的同一直线上。 两者中更明亮，离我们更近的渐台一（Delta2 Lyrae）是一个四等红巨星，光度变化大约0.2个星等[21]，光变周期为79天，[22]而较暗的Delta1 Lyrae是一个由B型主星和未知伴星组成的分光双星系统。[20]但是这两个系统具有非常相似的径向速度，是疏散星团天琴座δ（Delta Lyrae）星团的两个最亮的成员。 [23] 天琴座δ的南部是蓝巨星渐台三（Gamma Lyrae），它也是天琴座中第二亮的恒星。 天琴座最后一颗亮恒星是渐台二（Beta Lyrae），它也是一个由蓝巨星和年轻B型恒星组成的双星系统。这两颗恒星之间的间距如此之小，以致于较大的蓝巨星能够将其洛希瓣物质转移到伴星，形成一个半相接的系统。 原本两者中质量较小的伴星的质量增加了很多，所以现在它比主星的质量更大， 体积却坍缩得更小， 且被厚厚的吸积盘包围。[25]这两颗恒星的轨道平面与地球相齐，因此双星系统会出现食变现象，每13天会从3等降为4等，[26] 它的持续时间每年增加约19秒。[27] 另一个易于观察的变星是明亮的辇道一（ R Lyrae）（也叫天琴座13）位于主要星群的北部。它是一个4等红变星，光变程度可以达到十分之一个星等。[29]它的光变周期很复杂，有几个不同长度的周期，最常见的是46天和64天。[30]更北面是天琴座FL（FL Lyrae），这是一个更加暗淡的9等大陵变星，在食变期间每2.18天下降半个星等。两颗恒星都是主序星，主星是老年F型，伴星是老年G型。 深空天体 天琴座中有着著名的M57，它也被称为“环状星云”、NGC 6720。[59]它的直径为1光年，与地球相距2,000光年。它是众所周知的行星状星云之一，也是第二个被发现的行星状星云;其综合星等为8.8。[60]在查尔斯·梅西耶发现哑铃星云的15年后，它于1779年由Antoine Darquier发现。[61]天文学家已经确定它的年龄在6,000到8,000年之间; [60]由于电离氢的发射，星云的外部在照片中呈现红色。中间区域为绿色;二次电离氧发出蓝绿色光。靠近中心恒星的高温区域由于氦气的排放而呈现蓝色。中央恒星本身是一颗白矮星，温度为120,000开尔文。在望远镜中，这个星云看起来像一个略带绿色的椭圆形环。[60]它可以在天琴座γ和天琴座β之间找到。[62] NGC 6791是天琴座中一个古老的大型星团。它包含三个年龄组的恒星：40亿岁的白矮星，60亿岁的白矮星和80亿岁的正常恒星。[65] NGC 6745是一个位于天琴座的不规则螺旋星系，距我们2.08亿光年。几百万年前，它与一个较小的星系碰撞，许多年轻，炎热的蓝色恒星在这个碰撞区域诞生。天文学家不知道这次碰撞是否只是一次擦边球，还是这两个星系最终会合并为一个庞大的椭圆星系。[60] 天琴座中还有一个著名的长伽马射线源，名叫GRB 050525A，它在2005年爆发。在原始爆发后33分钟，余辉再次变亮，这种现象还是第三次被发现，[66]而已知的天体物理学理论不能很好地解释。[67]在接下来的100天中，它的光变曲线与超新星的光变曲线一致，被称为SN 2005nc。[68]这个伽马射线源的宿主星系最初难以找到[69]，尽管随后被确定。[70] 系外行星 环绕橙色亚巨星公转的HD 177830是最早被探测到的系外行星之一。它是一颗质量接近于木星的行星，在一个偏心轨道上运行，周期为390天。[71] 2011年在同一个恒星系中发现了第二颗行星，比前一颗更接近母恒星。[72]肉眼可见的是HD 173416，它拥有相当于两个多的木星质量，正在环绕一颗黄巨星 。[73]另一颗十分明亮的是HD 176051，它是一颗低质量双星系统中的高质量行星。 [74] HD 178911是一个三星系统，由一个紧密的双星和一个类似太阳的恒星组成。2001年，人们在这个三星系统中发现了一颗超过6倍木星质量的行星。 [75] 天文学家研究最多的系外行星之一是TrES-1b，位于恒星GSC 02652-01324周围的轨道上。人们通过行星凌日现象发现，这颗行星的质量约为木星质量的3/4，但它的绕转轨道只有短短三天。[76]据报道，这些凌日的光变曲线有多次异常。现在人们认为这种不规则性是由于一个大型星球造成的。[77]通过凌日方法发现的还有WASP-3b，其质量是木星质量的1.75倍，它是在F型主序星WASP-3周围轨道上最热的已知系外行星之一。[78]与TrES-1b类似，人们在它的凌日光变曲线中也发现了不规则现象，可能也是因为一颗大型星球造成的，尽管现在似乎也不太可能。[79] 天琴座也是开普勒任务重点观测的三个星座之一（与邻近的天鹅座和天龙座一起），因此我们在其中发现了很多的系外行星。该任务首先发现的是开普勒-7b，这是一种密度极低的系外行星，其质量不到木星质量的一半，但半径几乎是木星的1.5倍。[80]密度与它同样小的是开普勒-8b，只是略微更大，半径相似。[81]开普勒-20系统包含五个已知的行星;其中三个略小于海王星，[82]而另外两个都和地球大小相似，是人们第一个发现的类地系外行星之一。[83]开普勒-37是开普勒发现的另一颗带有系外行星的恒星;这颗行星是已知最小的太阳系外行星，被称为2013年2月(February 2013)。 2013年4月，天文学家宣布开普勒-62轨道上运行的五个行星中，至少有两个（开普勒-62e和开普勒-62f）位于该恒星的宜居带中，科学家们认为这些恒星可能存在液态水和岩石，它们也是超级地球的候选者。这两颗系外行星分别是地球直径的1.6倍和1.4倍，其恒星开普勒-62的距我们1,200光年。[84] 注释列表 1.Jump up^ Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). 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